Euro (EUR/USD, EUR/GBP) Analysis
- ZEW economic sentiment inches higher but confidence remains low
- EUR/USD descending channel heads lower after testing resistance
- EUR/GBP testing crucial support zone – follow through needed
- The analysis in this article makes use of chart patterns and key support and resistance levels. For more information visit our comprehensive education library
Recommended by Richard Snow
How to Trade EUR/USD
ZEW Economic Sentiment Inches Higher but Confidence Remains Low
Sentiment in the EU and in Germany continue to climb higher but still has a long way to go. Analysts are continuing to gain more confidence in the economic outlook in 6 months’ time, but more worrying is the perception of current conditions which continue to deteriorate.
Customize and filter live economic data via our DailyFX economic calendar
The economic outlook for Europe remains pessimistic as the stagnant economy has barely dodged a technical recession throughout 2023 with little to no reprieve on the horizon in 2024. As such, markets still anticipate over 100 basis points (bpd) of cuts this year while the hot US CPI print for January reeled in Fed rate cut bets which now see a greater likelihood of the first rate cut in June or July – previously March. Therefore, form a fundamental angle, the euro could suffer further setbacks against the dollar.
EUR/USD Descending Channel Heads Lower After Testing Resistance
On the weekly EUR/USD chart a double bottom appeared around the December and February lows (1.0724), which suggested a bearish continuation may struggle, requiring a catalyst to push further. US CPI appears to have provided that catalyst seeing the pair head lower, towards support at 1.0700 flat. The next level of support appears in the form of channel support, followed by the 23.6% Fibonacci retracement of the 2023 major decline. Resistance is back at channel resistance and the 38.2% Fib level.
EUR/USD Daily Chart
Source: TradingView, prepared by Richard Snow
If you’re puzzled by trading losses, why not take a step in the right direction? Download our guide, “Traits of Successful Traders,” and gain valuable insights to steer clear of common pitfalls that can lead to costly errors:
Recommended by Richard Snow
Traits of Successful Traders
EUR/GBP Testing Crucial Support Zone – Follow Through Needed
EUR/GBP has moved lower on the back of positive surprises in both UK employment data and average earnings. Markets now price in less than 65 basis points worth of cuts from the Bank of England, a notable decline after printing above 100 bps not too long ago.
EUR/GBP needs to be monitored for a potential close below the crucial zone of support at 0.8515. Momentum points to the downside with the RSI still a fair distance away from oversold territory and with more high importance UK data still to come, bears will have more data on hand. UK CPI is expected to print higher than the December print, potentially strengthening the pound and sending EUR/GBP even lower. However, the pound may be brought back in line of quarter-on-quarter GDP reveals a technical recession for the UK.
EUR/GBP Daily Chart
Source: TradingView, prepared by Richard Snow
— Written by Richard Snow for DailyFX.com
Contact and follow Richard on Twitter: @RichardSnowFX
`constructor()this.hiding=!1,this.value=0,this.visible=!1,this.trickle=()=>this.setValue(this.value+Math.random()/100),this.stylesheetElement=this.createStylesheetElement(),this.progressElement=this.createProgressElement(),this.installStylesheetElement(),this.setValue(0)show()(this.visible=!0,this.installProgressElement(),this.startTrickling())hide()this.visible&&!this.hiding&&(this.hiding=!0,this.fadeProgressElement(()=>this.uninstallProgressElement(),this.stopTrickling(),this.visible=!1,this.hiding=!1))setValue(value)this.value=value,this.refresh()installStylesheetElement()document.head.insertBefore(this.stylesheetElement,document.head.firstChild)installProgressElement()this.progressElement.style.width="0",this.progressElement.style.opacity="1",document.documentElement.insertBefore(this.progressElement,document.body),this.refresh()fadeProgressElement(callback)this.progressElement.style.opacity="0",setTimeout(callback,1.5*ProgressBar.animationDuration)uninstallProgressElement()this.progressElement.parentNode&&document.documentElement.removeChild(this.progressElement)startTrickling()this.trickleIntervalstopTrickling()window.clearInterval(this.trickleInterval),delete this.trickleIntervalrefresh()requestAnimationFrame(()=>this.progressElement.style.width=10+90*this.value+"%")createStylesheetElement()var element=document.createElement("style");return element.type="text/css",element.textContent=ProgressBar.defaultCSS,this.cspNonce&&(element.nonce=this.cspNonce),elementcreateProgressElement()var element=document.createElement("div");return element.className="turbo-progress-bar",elementget cspNonce()return getMetaContent("csp-nonce")ProgressBar.animationDuration=300;class HeadSnapshot extends Snapshot{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.detailsByOuterHTML=this.children.filter(element=>!function elementIsNoscript(element)element=element.localName;return"noscript"==element(element)).map(element=>function elementWithoutNonce(element)element.hasAttribute("nonce")&&element.setAttribute("nonce","");return element(element)).reduce((result,element)=>var outerHTML=element["outerHTML"],details=outerHTML in result?result[outerHTML]:type:function elementType(element)return function elementIsScript(element)element=element.localName;return"script"==element(element)?"script":function elementIsStylesheet(element)"link"==tagName&&"stylesheet"==element.getAttribute("rel")(element)?"stylesheet":void 0(element),tracked:function elementIsTracked(element)return"reload"==element.getAttribute("data-turbo-track")(element),elements:[];return Object.assign(Object.assign(,result),[outerHTML]:Object.assign(Object.assign(,details),elements:[...details.elements,element])),)}get trackedElementSignature()return Object.keys(this.detailsByOuterHTML).filter(outerHTML=>this.detailsByOuterHTML[outerHTML].tracked).join("")getScriptElementsNotInSnapshot(snapshot)return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot("script",snapshot)getStylesheetElementsNotInSnapshot(snapshot)return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot("stylesheet",snapshot)getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot(matchedType,snapshot)return Object.keys(this.detailsByOuterHTML).filter(outerHTML=>!(outerHTML in snapshot.detailsByOuterHTML)).map(outerHTML=>this.detailsByOuterHTML[outerHTML]).filter((type)=>type==matchedType).map((elements:[element])=>element)get provisionalElements()return Object.keys(this.detailsByOuterHTML).reduce((result,outerHTML)=>vartype:outerHTML,tracked,elements=this.detailsByOuterHTML[outerHTML];return null!=outerHTML,[])getMetaValue(name)name=this.findMetaElementByName(name);return name?name.getAttribute("content"):nullfindMetaElementByName(name)return Object.keys(this.detailsByOuterHTML).reduce((result,outerHTML)=>var[outerHTML]=this.detailsByOuterHTML[outerHTML]["elements"];return function elementIsMetaElementWithName(element,name)var tagName=element.localName;return"meta"==tagName&&element.getAttribute("name")==name(outerHTML,name)?outerHTML:result,void 0)}class PageSnapshot extends Snapshotstatic fromHTMLString(html="")return this.fromDocument(parseHTMLDocument(html))static fromElement(element)return this.fromDocument(element.ownerDocument)static fromDocument(head,body)return new this(body,new HeadSnapshot(head))constructor(element,headSnapshot)super(element),this.headSnapshot=headSnapshotclone()var index,source,clonedElement=this.element.cloneNode(!0),selectElements=this.element.querySelectorAll("select"),clonedSelectElements=clonedElement.querySelectorAll("select");for([index,source]of selectElements.entries())var clone=clonedSelectElements[index];for(const option of clone.selectedOptions)option.selected=!1;for(const option of source.selectedOptions)clone.options[option.index].selected=!0for(const clonedPasswordInput of clonedElement.querySelectorAll('input[type="password"]'))clonedPasswordInput.value="";return new PageSnapshot(clonedElement,this.headSnapshot)get headElement()return this.headSnapshot.elementget rootLocation()var _a;return expandURL(null!=(_a=this.getSetting("root"))?_a:"/")get cacheControlValue()return this.getSetting("cache-control")get isPreviewable()return"no-preview"!=this.cacheControlValueget isCacheable()return"no-cache"!=this.cacheControlValueget isVisitable()return"reload"!=this.getSetting("visit-control")getSetting(name)return this.headSnapshot.getMetaValue("turbo-"+name)(prototype=TimingMetric=TimingMetric||).visitStart="visitStart",prototype.requestStart="requestStart",prototype.requestEnd="requestEnd",prototype.visitEnd="visitEnd",(prototype=VisitState=VisitState||).initialized="initialized",prototype.started="started",prototype.canceled="canceled",prototype.failed="failed";const defaultOptions=action:"advance",historyChanged:!(prototype.completed="completed"),visitCachedSnapshot:()=>,willRender:!0,updateHistory:!0,shouldCacheSnapshot:!0,acceptsStreamResponse:!1;(prototype=SystemStatusCode=SystemStatusCode||)[prototype.networkFailure=0]="networkFailure",prototype[prototype.timeoutFailure=-1]="timeoutFailure",prototype[prototype.contentTypeMismatch=-2]="contentTypeMismatch";class Visitconstructor(delegate,location2,restorationIdentifier,options=)uuid();varaction:delegate,historyChanged:location2,referrer:restorationIdentifier,snapshot:options,snapshotHTML,response,visitCachedSnapshot,willRender,updateHistory,shouldCacheSnapshot,acceptsStreamResponse=Object.assign(Object.assign(,defaultOptions),options);this.action=delegate,this.historyChanged=location2,this.referrer=restorationIdentifier,this.snapshot=options,this.snapshotHTML=snapshotHTML,this.response=response,this.isSamePage=this.delegate.locationWithActionIsSamePage(this.location,this.action),this.visitCachedSnapshot=visitCachedSnapshot,this.willRender=willRender,this.updateHistory=updateHistory,this.scrolled=!willRender,this.shouldCacheSnapshot=shouldCacheSnapshot,this.acceptsStreamResponse=acceptsStreamResponseget adapter()return this.delegate.adapterget view()return this.delegate.viewget history()return this.delegate.historyget restorationData()return this.history.getRestorationDataForIdentifier(this.restorationIdentifier)get silent()return this.isSamePagestart()this.state==VisitState.initialized&&(this.recordTimingMetric(TimingMetric.visitStart),this.state=VisitState.started,this.adapter.visitStarted(this),this.delegate.visitStarted(this))cancel()this.state==VisitState.started&&(this.request&&this.request.cancel(),this.cancelRender(),this.state=VisitState.canceled)complete()fail()this.state==VisitState.started&&(this.state=VisitState.failed,this.adapter.visitFailed(this))changeHistory()var _a;!this.historyChanged&&this.updateHistory&&(_a=getHistoryMethodForAction(this.location.href===(null==(_a=this.referrer)?void 0:_a.href)?"replace":this.action),this.history.update(_a,this.location,this.restorationIdentifier),this.historyChanged=!0)issueRequest()this.hasPreloadedResponse()?this.simulateRequest():this.shouldIssueRequest()&&!this.request&&(this.request=new FetchRequest(this,FetchMethod.get,this.location),this.request.perform())simulateRequest()this.response&&(this.startRequest(),this.recordResponse(),this.finishRequest())startRequest()this.recordTimingMetric(TimingMetric.requestStart),this.adapter.visitRequestStarted(this)recordResponse(response=this.response)(this.response=response)&&(response=response["statusCode"],isSuccessful(response)?this.adapter.visitRequestCompleted(this):this.adapter.visitRequestFailedWithStatusCode(this,response))finishRequest()this.recordTimingMetric(TimingMetric.requestEnd),this.adapter.visitRequestFinished(this)loadResponse()if(this.response)conststatusCode,responseHTML=this.response;this.render(()=>__async$3(this,null,function*()this.shouldCacheSnapshot&&this.cacheSnapshot(),this.view.renderPromise&&(yield this.view.renderPromise),isSuccessful(statusCode)&&null!=responseHTML?(yield this.view.renderPage(PageSnapshot.fromHTMLString(responseHTML),!1,this.willRender,this),this.performScroll(),this.adapter.visitRendered(this),this.complete()):(yield this.view.renderError(PageSnapshot.fromHTMLString(responseHTML),this),this.adapter.visitRendered(this),this.fail())))getCachedSnapshot()snapshot.hasAnchor(getAnchor(this.location)))&&("restore"==this.actiongetPreloadedSnapshot()if(this.snapshotHTML)return PageSnapshot.fromHTMLString(this.snapshotHTML)hasCachedSnapshot()return null!=this.getCachedSnapshot()loadCachedSnapshot()const snapshot=this.getCachedSnapshot();if(snapshot)const isPreview=this.shouldIssueRequest();this.render(()=>__async$3(this,null,function*()this.complete())))followRedirect()var _a;this.redirectedToLocation&&!this.followedRedirect&&null!=(_a=this.response)&&_a.redirected&&(this.adapter.visitProposedToLocation(this.redirectedToLocation,action:"replace",response:this.response,shouldCacheSnapshot:!1,willRender:!1),this.followedRedirect=!0)goToSamePageAnchor()this.isSamePage&&this.render(()=>__async$3(this,null,function*()this.cacheSnapshot(),this.performScroll(),this.changeHistory(),this.adapter.visitRendered(this)))prepareRequest(request)this.acceptsStreamResponse&&request.acceptResponseType(StreamMessage.contentType)requestStarted()this.startRequest()requestPreventedHandlingResponse(_request,_response)requestSucceededWithResponse(request,response)return __async$3(this,null,function*()var responseHTML=yield response.responseHTML,redirected,statusCode=response;null==responseHTML?this.recordResponse(statusCode:SystemStatusCode.contentTypeMismatch,redirected:redirected):(this.redirectedToLocation=response.redirected?response.location:void 0,this.recordResponse(statusCode:statusCode,responseHTML:responseHTML,redirected:redirected)))requestFailedWithResponse(request,response)return __async$3(this,null,function*()var responseHTML=yield response.responseHTML,redirected,statusCode=response;null==responseHTML?this.recordResponse(statusCode:SystemStatusCode.contentTypeMismatch,redirected:redirected):this.recordResponse(statusCode:statusCode,responseHTML:responseHTML,redirected:redirected))requestErrored(_request,_error)this.recordResponse(statusCode:SystemStatusCode.networkFailure,redirected:!1)requestFinished()this.finishRequest()performScroll()this.view.scrollToTop(),this.isSamePage&&this.delegate.visitScrolledToSamePageLocation(this.view.lastRenderedLocation,this.location),this.scrolled=!0)scrollToRestoredPosition()var scrollPosition=this.restorationData["scrollPosition"];if(scrollPosition)return this.view.scrollToPosition(scrollPosition),!0scrollToAnchor()var anchor=getAnchor(this.location);if(null!=anchor)return this.view.scrollToAnchor(anchor),!0recordTimingMetric(metric)this.timingMetrics[metric]=(new Date).getTime()getTimingMetrics()return Object.assign(,this.timingMetrics)getHistoryMethodForAction(action)switch(action)case"replace":return history.replaceState;case"advance":case"restore":return history.pushStatehasPreloadedResponse()return"object"==typeof this.responseshouldIssueRequest()return!this.isSamePage&&("restore"==this.action?!this.hasCachedSnapshot():this.willRender)cacheSnapshot()render(callback)return __async$3(this,null,function*()this.cancelRender(),yield new Promise(resolve=>this.frame=requestAnimationFrame(()=>resolve())),yield callback(),delete this.frame)cancelRender()this.frame&&(cancelAnimationFrame(this.frame),delete this.frame)function isSuccessful(statusCode)return 200<=statusCode&&statusCode<300class BrowserAdapter{constructor(session2)this.progressBar=new ProgressBar,this.showProgressBar=()=>this.progressBar.show(),this.session=session2visitProposedToLocation(location2,options)visitStarted(visit2)this.location=visit2.location,visit2.loadCachedSnapshot(),visit2.issueRequest(),visit2.goToSamePageAnchor()visitRequestStarted(visit2)"restore"!=visit2.action?this.showVisitProgressBarAfterDelay():this.showProgressBar()visitRequestCompleted(visit2)visit2.loadResponse()visitRequestFailedWithStatusCode(visit2,statusCode)switch(statusCode)case SystemStatusCode.networkFailure:case SystemStatusCode.timeoutFailure:case SystemStatusCode.contentTypeMismatch:return this.reload(reason:"request_failed",context:statusCode:statusCode);default:return visit2.loadResponse()visitRequestFinished(_visit)this.progressBar.setValue(1),this.hideVisitProgressBar()visitCompleted(_visit)pageInvalidated(reason)this.reload(reason)visitFailed(_visit)visitRendered(_visit)formSubmissionStarted(_formSubmission)this.progressBar.setValue(0),this.showFormProgressBarAfterDelay()formSubmissionFinished(_formSubmission)this.progressBar.setValue(1),this.hideFormProgressBar()showVisitProgressBarAfterDelay()this.visitProgressBarTimeout=window.setTimeout(this.showProgressBar,this.session.progressBarDelay)hideVisitProgressBar()this.progressBar.hide(),null!=this.visitProgressBarTimeout&&(window.clearTimeout(this.visitProgressBarTimeout),delete this.visitProgressBarTimeout)showFormProgressBarAfterDelay()null==this.formProgressBarTimeout&&(this.formProgressBarTimeout=window.setTimeout(this.showProgressBar,this.session.progressBarDelay))hideFormProgressBar()this.progressBar.hide(),null!=this.formProgressBarTimeout&&(window.clearTimeout(this.formProgressBarTimeout),delete this.formProgressBarTimeout)reload(reason)window.location.hrefget navigator()return this.session.navigator}class CacheObserverconstructor()this.selector="[data-turbo-temporary]",this.deprecatedSelector="[data-turbo-cache=false]",this.started=!1,this.removeTemporaryElements=_event=>for(const element of this.temporaryElements)element.remove()start()stop()this.started&&(this.started=!1,removeEventListener("turbo:before-cache",this.removeTemporaryElements,!1))get temporaryElements()return[...document.querySelectorAll(this.selector),...this.temporaryElementsWithDeprecation]get temporaryElementsWithDeprecation()var elements=document.querySelectorAll(this.deprecatedSelector);return elements.length&&console.warn(`The $this.deprecatedSelector selector is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use $this.selector instead.`),[...elements]class FrameRedirectorconstructor(session2,element)this.session=session2,this.element=element,this.linkInterceptor=new LinkInterceptor(this,element),this.formSubmitObserver=new FormSubmitObserver(this,element)start()this.linkInterceptor.start(),this.formSubmitObserver.start()stop()this.linkInterceptor.stop(),this.formSubmitObserver.stop()shouldInterceptLinkClick(element,_location,_event)return this.shouldRedirect(element)linkClickIntercepted(element,url,event)var frame=this.findFrameElement(element);frame&&frame.delegate.linkClickIntercepted(element,url,event)willSubmitForm(element,submitter)return null==element.closest("turbo-frame")&&this.shouldSubmit(element,submitter)&&this.shouldRedirect(element,submitter)formSubmitted(element,submitter)var frame=this.findFrameElement(element,submitter);frame&&frame.delegate.formSubmitted(element,submitter)shouldSubmit(form,submitter)var action=getAction(form,submitter),meta=this.element.ownerDocument.querySelector('meta[name="turbo-root"]'),meta=expandURL(null!=(meta=null==meta?void 0:meta.content)?meta:"/");return this.shouldRedirect(form,submitter)&&locationIsVisitable(action,meta)shouldRedirect(element,submitter)return!!(element instanceof HTMLFormElement?this.session.submissionIsNavigatable(element,submitter):this.session.elementIsNavigatable(element))&&(!!(submitter=this.findFrameElement(element,submitter))&&submitter!=element.closest("turbo-frame"))findFrameElement(element,submitter)class Historyconstructor(delegate)this.restorationIdentifier=uuid(),this.restorationData=,this.started=!1,this.pageLoaded=!1,this.onPopState=event=>)["turbo"],event&&(this.location=new URL(window.location.href),event=event["restorationIdentifier"],this.restorationIdentifier=event,this.delegate.historyPoppedToLocationWithRestorationIdentifier(this.location,event))),this.onPageLoad=_event=>__async$3(this,null,function*()yield function nextMicrotask()return Promise.resolve()(),this.pageLoaded=!0),this.delegate=delegatestart()stop()this.started&&(removeEventListener("popstate",this.onPopState,!1),removeEventListener("load",this.onPageLoad,!1),this.started=!1)push(location2,restorationIdentifier)this.update(history.pushState,location2,restorationIdentifier)replace(location2,restorationIdentifier)this.update(history.replaceState,location2,restorationIdentifier)update(method,location2,restorationIdentifier=uuid())method.call(history,turbo:restorationIdentifier:restorationIdentifier,"",location2.href),this.location=location2,this.restorationIdentifier=restorationIdentifiergetRestorationDataForIdentifier(restorationIdentifier)updateRestorationData(additionalData)var restorationIdentifier=this["restorationIdentifier"],restorationData=this.restorationData[restorationIdentifier];this.restorationData[restorationIdentifier]=Object.assign(Object.assign(,restorationData),additionalData)assumeControlOfScrollRestoration()relinquishControlOfScrollRestoration()this.previousScrollRestoration&&(history.scrollRestoration=this.previousScrollRestoration,delete this.previousScrollRestoration)shouldHandlePopState()return this.pageIsLoaded()pageIsLoaded()class Navigator{constructor(delegate)this.delegate=delegateproposeVisit(location2,options=)this.delegate.allowsVisitingLocationWithAction(location2,options.action)&&(locationIsVisitable(location2,this.view.snapshot.rootLocation)?this.delegate.visitProposedToLocation(location2,options):window.location.href=location2.toString())startVisit(locatable,restorationIdentifier,options=)this.stop(),this.currentVisit=new Visit(this,expandURL(locatable),restorationIdentifier,Object.assign(referrer:this.location,options)),this.currentVisit.start()submitForm(form,submitter)this.stop(),this.formSubmission=new FormSubmission(this,form,submitter,!0),this.formSubmission.start()stop()this.formSubmission&&(this.formSubmission.stop(),delete this.formSubmission),this.currentVisit&&(this.currentVisit.cancel(),delete this.currentVisit)get adapter()return this.delegate.adapterget view()return this.delegate.viewget history()return this.delegate.historyformSubmissionStarted(formSubmission)"function"==typeof this.adapter.formSubmissionStarted&&this.adapter.formSubmissionStarted(formSubmission)formSubmissionSucceededWithResponse(formSubmission,fetchResponse)return __async$3(this,null,function*()var responseHTML,shouldCacheSnapshot,statusCode,redirected,action;formSubmission==this.formSubmission&&(responseHTML=yield fetchResponse.responseHTML)&&(statusCode,redirected=((shouldCacheSnapshot=formSubmission.isSafe))formSubmissionFailedWithResponse(formSubmission,fetchResponse)return __async$3(this,null,function*()var responseHTML=yield fetchResponse.responseHTML;responseHTML&&(responseHTML=PageSnapshot.fromHTMLString(responseHTML),fetchResponse.serverError?yield this.view.renderError(responseHTML,this.currentVisit):yield this.view.renderPage(responseHTML,!1,!0,this.currentVisit),this.view.scrollToTop(),this.view.clearSnapshotCache()))formSubmissionErrored(formSubmission,error)console.error(error)formSubmissionFinished(formSubmission)"function"==typeof this.adapter.formSubmissionFinished&&this.adapter.formSubmissionFinished(formSubmission)visitStarted(visit2)this.delegate.visitStarted(visit2)visitCompleted(visit2)this.delegate.visitCompleted(visit2)locationWithActionIsSamePage(location2,action)visitScrolledToSamePageLocation(oldURL,newURL)this.delegate.visitScrolledToSamePageLocation(oldURL,newURL)get location()return this.history.locationget restorationIdentifier()return this.history.restorationIdentifiergetActionForFormSubmission(submitter,formElement)"advance"}(prototype=PageStage=PageStage||)[prototype.initial=0]="initial",prototype[prototype.loading=1]="loading",prototype[prototype.interactive=2]="interactive",prototype[prototype.complete=3]="complete";class PageObserverconstructor(delegate)this.stage=PageStage.initial,this.started=!1,this.interpretReadyState=()=>var readyState=this["readyState"];"interactive"==readyState?this.pageIsInteractive():"complete"==readyState&&this.pageIsComplete(),this.pageWillUnload=()=>this.delegate.pageWillUnload(),this.delegate=delegatestart()stop()this.started&&(document.removeEventListener("readystatechange",this.interpretReadyState,!1),removeEventListener("pagehide",this.pageWillUnload,!1),this.started=!1)pageIsInteractive()this.stage==PageStage.loading&&(this.stage=PageStage.interactive,this.delegate.pageBecameInteractive())pageIsComplete()this.pageIsInteractive(),this.stage==PageStage.interactive&&(this.stage=PageStage.complete,this.delegate.pageLoaded())get readyState()return document.readyStateclass ScrollObserverconstructor(delegate)this.started=!1,this.onScroll=()=>this.updatePosition(x:window.pageXOffset,y:window.pageYOffset),this.delegate=delegatestart()stop()this.started&&(removeEventListener("scroll",this.onScroll,!1),this.started=!1)updatePosition(position)this.delegate.scrollPositionChanged(position)class StreamMessageRenderer{render(fragment)Bardo.preservingPermanentElements(this,function getPermanentElementMapForFragment(fragment)var permanentElementsInDocument=queryPermanentElementsAll(document.documentElement),permanentElementMap=;for(const permanentElementInDocument of permanentElementsInDocument)var id=permanentElementInDocument["id"];for(const streamElement of fragment.querySelectorAll("turbo-stream"))var elementInStream=getPermanentElementById(streamElement.templateElement.content,id);elementInStream&&(permanentElementMap[id]=[permanentElementInDocument,elementInStream])return permanentElementMap(fragment),()=>document.documentElement.appendChild(fragment))enteringBardo(currentPermanentElement,newPermanentElement)newPermanentElement.replaceWith(currentPermanentElement.cloneNode(!0))leavingBardo()}class StreamObserverconstructor(delegate)this.sources=new Set,this.started=!1,this.inspectFetchResponse=event=>var response=function fetchResponseFromEvent(event)event=null==(event=event.detail)?void 0:event.fetchResponse;if(event instanceof FetchResponse)return event(event);response&&function fetchResponseIsStream(response)response=null!=(response=response.contentType)?response:"";return response.startsWith(StreamMessage.contentType)(response)&&(event.preventDefault(),this.receiveMessageResponse(response)),this.receiveMessageEvent=event=>this.started&&"string"==typeof event.data&&this.receiveMessageHTML(event.data),this.delegate=delegatestart()this.startedstop()this.started&&(this.started=!1,removeEventListener("turbo:before-fetch-response",this.inspectFetchResponse,!1))connectStreamSource(source)disconnectStreamSource(source)this.streamSourceIsConnected(source)&&(this.sources.delete(source),source.removeEventListener("message",this.receiveMessageEvent,!1))streamSourceIsConnected(source)return this.sources.has(source)receiveMessageResponse(response)return __async$3(this,null,function*()var html=yield response.responseHTML;html&&this.receiveMessageHTML(html))receiveMessageHTML(html)this.delegate.receivedMessageFromStream(StreamMessage.wrap(html))class ErrorRenderer extends Rendererstatic renderElement(currentElement,newElement)vardocumentElement,body=document;documentElement.replaceChild(newElement,body)render()return __async$3(this,null,function*()this.replaceHeadAndBody(),this.activateScriptElements())replaceHeadAndBody()vardocumentElement,head=document;documentElement.replaceChild(this.newHead,head),this.renderElement(this.currentElement,this.newElement)activateScriptElements()for(const replaceableElement of this.scriptElements)var element,parentNode=replaceableElement.parentNode;parentNode&&(element=activateScriptElement(replaceableElement),parentNode.replaceChild(element,replaceableElement))get newHead()return this.newSnapshot.headSnapshot.elementget scriptElements()return document.documentElement.querySelectorAll("script")class PageRenderer extends Renderer{static renderElement(currentElement,newElement)document.body&&newElement instanceof HTMLBodyElement?document.body.replaceWith(newElement):document.documentElement.appendChild(newElement)get shouldRender()return this.newSnapshot.isVisitable&&this.trackedElementsAreIdenticalget reloadReason()return this.newSnapshot.isVisitable?this.trackedElementsAreIdentical?void 0:reason:"tracked_element_mismatch":reason:"turbo_visit_control_is_reload"prepareToRender()return __async$3(this,null,function*()yield this.mergeHead())render()return __async$3(this,null,function*()this.willRender&&(yield this.replaceBody()))finishRendering()get currentHeadSnapshot()return this.currentSnapshot.headSnapshotget newHeadSnapshot()return this.newSnapshot.headSnapshotget newElement()return this.newSnapshot.elementmergeHead()return __async$3(this,null,function*()var mergedHeadElements=this.mergeProvisionalElements(),newStylesheetElements=this.copyNewHeadStylesheetElements();this.copyNewHeadScriptElements(),yield mergedHeadElements,yield newStylesheetElements)replaceBody()return __async$3(this,null,function*()yield this.preservingPermanentElements(()=>__async$3(this,null,function*()this.activateNewBody(),yield this.assignNewBody())))get trackedElementsAreIdentical()return this.currentHeadSnapshot.trackedElementSignature==this.newHeadSnapshot.trackedElementSignaturecopyNewHeadStylesheetElements(){return __async$3(this,null,function*()var loadingElements=[];for(const element of this.newHeadStylesheetElements)loadingElements.push(function waitForLoad(element,timeoutInMilliseconds=2e3)return new Promise(resolve=>const onComplete=()=>element.removeEventListener("error",onComplete),element.removeEventListener("load",onComplete),resolve();element.addEventListener("load",onComplete,once:!0),element.addEventListener("error",onComplete,once:!0),setTimeout(resolve,timeoutInMilliseconds))(element)),document.head.appendChild(element);yield Promise.all(loadingElements))}copyNewHeadScriptElements()for(const element of this.newHeadScriptElements)document.head.appendChild(activateScriptElement(element))mergeProvisionalElements()return __async$3(this,null,function*()document.head.removeChild(element);for(const element of newHeadElements)document.head.appendChild(element))isCurrentElementInElementList(element,elementList)for(var[index,newElement]of elementList.entries())if("TITLE"==element.tagName)if("TITLE"!=newElement.tagName)continue;if(element.innerHTML==newElement.innerHTML)return elementList.splice(index,1),!0if(newElement.isEqualNode(element))return elementList.splice(index,1),!0return!1removeCurrentHeadProvisionalElements()for(const element of this.currentHeadProvisionalElements)document.head.removeChild(element)copyNewHeadProvisionalElements()for(const element of this.newHeadProvisionalElements)document.head.appendChild(element)activateNewBody()document.adoptNode(this.newElement),this.activateNewBodyScriptElements()activateNewBodyScriptElements()for(const inertScriptElement of this.newBodyScriptElements)var activatedScriptElement=activateScriptElement(inertScriptElement);inertScriptElement.replaceWith(activatedScriptElement)assignNewBody()return __async$3(this,null,function*()yield this.renderElement(this.currentElement,this.newElement))get newHeadStylesheetElements()return this.newHeadSnapshot.getStylesheetElementsNotInSnapshot(this.currentHeadSnapshot)get newHeadScriptElements()return this.newHeadSnapshot.getScriptElementsNotInSnapshot(this.currentHeadSnapshot)get currentHeadProvisionalElements()return this.currentHeadSnapshot.provisionalElementsget newHeadProvisionalElements()return this.newHeadSnapshot.provisionalElementsget newBodyScriptElements()return this.newElement.querySelectorAll("script")}class SnapshotCacheconstructor(size)this.keys=[],this.snapshots=,this.size=sizehas(location2)return toCacheKey(location2)in this.snapshotsget(location2)var snapshot;if(this.has(location2))return snapshot=this.read(location2),this.touch(location2),snapshotput(location2,snapshot)return this.write(location2,snapshot),this.touch(location2),snapshotclear()this.snapshots=read(location2)return this.snapshots[toCacheKey(location2)]write(location2,snapshot)this.snapshots[toCacheKey(location2)]=snapshottouch(location2)var location2=toCacheKey(location2),index=this.keys.indexOf(location2);-1setTimeout(()=>resolve(),0))(),snapshot=snapshot.clone(),this.snapshotCache.put(location2,snapshot),snapshot)getCachedSnapshotForLocation(location2)return this.snapshotCache.get(location2)get snapshot()return PageSnapshot.fromElement(this.element)class Preloader{constructor(delegate)this.selector="a[data-turbo-preload]",this.delegate=delegateget snapshotCache()return this.delegate.navigator.view.snapshotCachestart()if("loading"===document.readyState)return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",()=>this.preloadOnLoadLinksForView(document.body));this.preloadOnLoadLinksForView(document.body)preloadOnLoadLinksForView(element)for(const link of element.querySelectorAll(this.selector))this.preloadURL(link)preloadURL(link){return __async$3(this,null,function*()var location2=new URL(link.href);if(!this.snapshotCache.has(location2))tryvar responseText=yield(yield fetch(location2.toString(),headers:"VND.PREFETCH":"true",Accept:"text/html")).text(),snapshot=PageSnapshot.fromHTMLString(responseText);this.snapshotCache.put(location2,snapshot)catch(_))}}function extendURLWithDeprecatedProperties(url)Object.defineProperties(url,deprecatedLocationPropertyDescriptors)const deprecatedLocationPropertyDescriptors=absoluteURL:get()return this.toString();const StreamActions=after()this.targetElements.forEach(e=>var _a;return null==(_a=e.parentElement)?void 0:_a.insertBefore(this.templateContent,e.nextSibling)),append()this.removeDuplicateTargetChildren(),this.targetElements.forEach(e=>e.append(this.templateContent)),before()this.targetElements.forEach(e=>var _a;return null==(_a=e.parentElement)?void 0:_a.insertBefore(this.templateContent,e)),prepend()this.removeDuplicateTargetChildren(),this.targetElements.forEach(e=>e.prepend(this.templateContent)),remove()this.targetElements.forEach(e=>e.remove()),replace()this.targetElements.forEach(e=>e.replaceWith(this.templateContent)),update()this.targetElements.forEach(targetElement=>targetElement.innerHTML="",targetElement.append(this.templateContent)),session=new class Sessionconstructor()this.navigator=new Navigator(this),this.history=new History(this),this.preloader=new Preloader(this),this.view=new PageView(this,document.documentElement),this.adapter=new BrowserAdapter(this),this.pageObserver=new PageObserver(this),this.cacheObserver=new CacheObserver,this.linkClickObserver=new LinkClickObserver(this,window),this.formSubmitObserver=new FormSubmitObserver(this,document),this.scrollObserver=new ScrollObserver(this),this.streamObserver=new StreamObserver(this),this.formLinkClickObserver=new FormLinkClickObserver(this,document.documentElement),this.frameRedirector=new FrameRedirector(this,document.documentElement),this.streamMessageRenderer=new StreamMessageRenderer,this.drive=!0,this.enabled=!0,this.progressBarDelay=500,this.started=!1,this.formMode="on"start()this.starteddisable()this.enabled=!1stop()this.started&&(this.pageObserver.stop(),this.cacheObserver.stop(),this.formLinkClickObserver.stop(),this.linkClickObserver.stop(),this.formSubmitObserver.stop(),this.scrollObserver.stop(),this.streamObserver.stop(),this.frameRedirector.stop(),this.history.stop(),this.started=!1)registerAdapter(adapter)this.adapter=adaptervisit(location2,options=)var frameElement=options.frame?document.getElementById(options.frame):null;frameElement instanceof FrameElement?(frameElement.src=location2.toString(),frameElement.loaded):this.navigator.proposeVisit(expandURL(location2),options)connectStreamSource(source)this.streamObserver.connectStreamSource(source)disconnectStreamSource(source)this.streamObserver.disconnectStreamSource(source)renderStreamMessage(message)this.streamMessageRenderer.render(StreamMessage.wrap(message))clearCache()this.view.clearSnapshotCache()setProgressBarDelay(delay)this.progressBarDelay=delaysetFormMode(mode)this.formMode=modeget location()return this.history.locationget restorationIdentifier()return this.history.restorationIdentifierhistoryPoppedToLocationWithRestorationIdentifier(location2,restorationIdentifier)this.enabled?this.navigator.startVisit(location2,restorationIdentifier,action:"restore",historyChanged:!0):this.adapter.pageInvalidated(reason:"turbo_disabled")scrollPositionChanged(position)this.history.updateRestorationData(scrollPosition:position)willSubmitFormLinkToLocation(link,location2)return this.elementIsNavigatable(link)&&locationIsVisitable(location2,this.snapshot.rootLocation)submittedFormLinkToLocation()willFollowLinkToLocation(link,location2,event)return this.elementIsNavigatable(link)&&locationIsVisitable(location2,this.snapshot.rootLocation)&&this.applicationAllowsFollowingLinkToLocation(link,location2,event)followedLinkToLocation(link,location2)var action=this.getActionForLink(link),link=link.hasAttribute("data-turbo-stream");this.visit(location2.href,action:action,acceptsStreamResponse:link)allowsVisitingLocationWithAction(location2,action)this.applicationAllowsVisitingLocation(location2)visitProposedToLocation(location2,options)extendURLWithDeprecatedProperties(location2),this.adapter.visitProposedToLocation(location2,options)visitStarted(visit2)this.notifyApplicationAfterVisitingLocation(visit2.location,visit2.action)visitCompleted(visit2)clearBusyState(document.documentElement),this.notifyApplicationAfterPageLoad(visit2.getTimingMetrics())locationWithActionIsSamePage(location2,action)return this.navigator.locationWithActionIsSamePage(location2,action)visitScrolledToSamePageLocation(oldURL,newURL)this.notifyApplicationAfterVisitingSamePageLocation(oldURL,newURL)willSubmitForm(form,submitter)var action=getAction(form,submitter);return this.submissionIsNavigatable(form,submitter)&&locationIsVisitable(expandURL(action),this.snapshot.rootLocation)formSubmitted(form,submitter)this.navigator.submitForm(form,submitter)pageBecameInteractive()this.view.lastRenderedLocation=this.location,this.notifyApplicationAfterPageLoad()pageLoaded()this.history.assumeControlOfScrollRestoration()pageWillUnload()this.history.relinquishControlOfScrollRestoration()receivedMessageFromStream(message)this.renderStreamMessage(message)viewWillCacheSnapshot()var _a;null!=(_a=this.navigator.currentVisit)&&_a.silentallowsImmediateRender(element,options)vardefaultPrevented:element,detail:render:options=this.notifyApplicationBeforeRender(element,options);return this.view.renderer&&options&&(this.view.renderer.renderElement=options),!elementviewRenderedSnapshot(_snapshot,_isPreview)this.view.lastRenderedLocation=this.history.location,this.notifyApplicationAfterRender()preloadOnLoadLinksForView(element)this.preloader.preloadOnLoadLinksForView(element)viewInvalidated(reason)this.adapter.pageInvalidated(reason)frameLoaded(frame)this.notifyApplicationAfterFrameLoad(frame)frameRendered(fetchResponse,frame)this.notifyApplicationAfterFrameRender(fetchResponse,frame)applicationAllowsFollowingLinkToLocation(link,location2,ev)return!this.notifyApplicationAfterClickingLinkToLocation(link,location2,ev).defaultPreventedapplicationAllowsVisitingLocation(location2)return!this.notifyApplicationBeforeVisitingLocation(location2).defaultPreventednotifyApplicationAfterClickingLinkToLocation(link,location2,event)return dispatch("turbo:click",target:link,detail:url:location2.href,originalEvent:event,cancelable:!0)notifyApplicationBeforeVisitingLocation(location2)return dispatch("turbo:before-visit",detail:url:location2.href,cancelable:!0)notifyApplicationAfterVisitingLocation(location2,action)return dispatch("turbo:visit",detail:url:location2.href,action:action)notifyApplicationBeforeCachingSnapshot()return dispatch("turbo:before-cache")notifyApplicationBeforeRender(newBody,options)return dispatch("turbo:before-render",detail:Object.assign(newBody:newBody,options),cancelable:!0)notifyApplicationAfterRender()return dispatch("turbo:render")notifyApplicationAfterPageLoad(timing=)return dispatch("turbo:load",detail:url:this.location.href,timing:timing)notifyApplicationAfterVisitingSamePageLocation(oldURL,newURL)dispatchEvent(new HashChangeEvent("hashchange",oldURL:oldURL.toString(),newURL:newURL.toString()))notifyApplicationAfterFrameLoad(frame)return dispatch("turbo:frame-load",target:frame)notifyApplicationAfterFrameRender(fetchResponse,frame)return dispatch("turbo:frame-render",detail:fetchResponse:fetchResponse,target:frame,cancelable:!0)submissionIsNavigatable(form,submitter)return"off"!=this.formMode&&(submitter=!submitterelementIsNavigatable(element)var container=findClosestRecursively(element,"[data-turbo]"),element=findClosestRecursively(element,"turbo-frame");return this.drivegetActionForLink(link)return getVisitAction(link)get snapshot()return this.view.snapshot;var prototype=new class Cacheconstructor(session2)this.session=session2clear()this.session.clearCache()resetCacheControl()this.setCacheControl("")exemptPageFromCache()this.setCacheControl("no-cache")exemptPageFromPreview()this.setCacheControl("no-preview")setCacheControl(value)!function setMetaContent(name,content)let element=getMetaElement(name);element("turbo-cache-control",value)(session),navigator$1=session["navigator"];function start()session.start()function registerAdapter(adapter)session.registerAdapter(adapter)function visit(location2,options)session.visit(location2,options)function connectStreamSource(source)session.connectStreamSource(source)function disconnectStreamSource(source)session.disconnectStreamSource(source)function renderStreamMessage(message)session.renderStreamMessage(message)function clearCache()console.warn("Please replace `Turbo.clearCache()` with `Turbo.cache.clear()`. The top-level function is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Turbo.`"),session.clearCache()function setProgressBarDelay(delay)session.setProgressBarDelay(delay)function setConfirmMethod(confirmMethod)FormSubmission.confirmMethod=confirmMethodfunction setFormMode(mode)session.setFormMode(mode)var Turbo=Object.freeze(__proto__:null,navigator:navigator$1,session:session,cache:prototype,PageRenderer:PageRenderer,PageSnapshot:PageSnapshot,FrameRenderer:FrameRenderer,start:start,registerAdapter:registerAdapter,visit:visit,connectStreamSource:connectStreamSource,disconnectStreamSource:disconnectStreamSource,renderStreamMessage:renderStreamMessage,clearCache:clearCache,setProgressBarDelay:setProgressBarDelay,setConfirmMethod:setConfirmMethod,setFormMode:setFormMode,StreamActions:StreamActions);class TurboFrameMissingError extends Errorfunction getFrameElementById(id)if(null!=id)id=document.getElementById(id);if(id instanceof FrameElement)return idfunction activateElement(element,currentURL)if(element)var src=element.getAttribute("src");if(null!=src&&null!=currentURL&&function urlsAreEqual(left,right)return expandURL(left).href==expandURL(right).href(src,currentURL))throw new Error(`Matching element has a source URL which references itself`);if((element=element.ownerDocument!==document?document.importNode(element,!0):element)instanceof FrameElement)return element.connectedCallback(),element.disconnectedCallback(),elementclass StreamElement extends HTMLElementstatic renderElement(newElement)return __async$3(this,null,function*()yield newElement.performAction())connectedCallback()return __async$3(this,null,function*()tryyield this.render()catch(error)console.error(error)finallythis.disconnect())render()return __async$3(this,null,function*()var _a;return null!=(_a=this.renderPromise)?_a:this.renderPromise=__async$3(this,null,function*()var event=this.beforeRenderEvent;this.dispatchEvent(event)&&(yield nextAnimationFrame(),yield event.detail.render(this))))disconnect()trythis.remove()catch(_a)removeDuplicateTargetChildren()this.duplicateChildren.forEach(c=>c.remove())get duplicateChildren()get performAction()if(this.action)var actionFunction=StreamActions[this.action];if(actionFunction)return actionFunction;this.raise("unknown action")this.raise("action attribute is missing")get targetElements()return this.target?this.targetElementsById:this.targets?this.targetElementsByQuery:void this.raise("target or targets attribute is missing")get templateContent()return this.templateElement.content.cloneNode(!0)get templateElement()var template;return null===this.firstElementChild?(template=this.ownerDocument.createElement("template"),this.appendChild(template),template):this.firstElementChild instanceof HTMLTemplateElement?this.firstElementChild:void this.raise("first child element must be a

